Akbash dog

Akbash Dog

Livestock Defender

The Akbash Dog was originally developed in Turkey, in the region of Akbash. In their homeland they are used as livestock guardians, protecting sheep from predators. The Akbash Dog is relatively unknown outside of Turkey.

Akbash Dogs stand between 28-32 inches at the withers and weigh between 90-130 pounds, they are leaner then other Turkish livestock guardian breeds. It is common for the dogs that still reside in Turkey to have very short cropped ears, to prevent wounds from predators. Their tails have a slight curl and are carried low when they are relaxed, but when moving or excited they are carried up over the back, some Turkish dogs may have docked tails. The double coat may be long or medium in length, and both are considered acceptable. Akbash Dogs are always pure white in color.

Some believe the Akbash Dog, as well as the Kangal Dog, were used to develop the more well-known Turkish breed, the Anatolian Shepherd Dog. Although others believe the Anatolian is the older breed. Another theory persists that the three breeds should simply be considered one in the same. This makes it very difficult to trace the history of the breed, although the dog has been known to be existing in the region for centuries. As a livestock guardian they live with the flock protecting them from predators and thieves. It is common for the Akbash Dog to have to defend its charges against wolves or even bears.

The Akbash Dog is a difficult breed for the first time owner. They can be kept as companions; however they do best in the role they were bred for, as guardians. Naturally they are dog aggressive as well as wary and potentiality dangerous around strangers. Extremely independent and with strong protective instincts they can be difficult to train. Constant socialization is needed for an Akbash Dog that is kept as a companion.

Ainu ken

Hokkaido Inu

A Natural Hunter

The Hokkaido Inu is a native dog from Japan. It is believed that it may be one of the oldest of the Japanese breeds, although the same has been said of the other breeds as well. Many of the dogs have black spots on their tongues, which has led some to suggest that the Hokkaido Inu has a genetic link with the Chinese Shar-Pei and Chow Chow.

Hokkaido Inus stand between 18-22 inches and weigh between 45-65 pounds. They are of spitz ancestry, giving them erect ears and a curled tail that is carried on the back. Their double coat is harsh and straight, and most dogs are red or white. Other Hokkaido Inu colors include black, sesame, brindle, and fawn.

The claim that the Hokkaido Inu is the oldest of the Japanese breeds comes from the belief that they originated from migrants from Honshu to Hokkaido during the 12th century. Originally the dog was used for hunting, and unlike the other native breeds they were used for big game as well. The breed is sometimes called the Ainu-ken or Ainu, named after the former inhabitants of the Hokkaido. The Japanese, however, have always called them the Hokkadio Inu, and declared it the official name of the breed in 1937 when the breed was declared a national monument.

The Hokkaido Inu is an active breed, and therefore does not do well being left inside or in confined areas for long periods of time. With its history as a hunter it should not be left unattended around other animals, especially if they were not raised alongside each other. They tend to be a dog aggressive breed. Generally they do well with children, but only if they were raised with children in the household. The Hokkaido Inu is a fearless and loyal breed, making them an excellent watchdog.

African lion dog

Rhodesian Ridgeback

The Lion Dog

The Rhodesian Ridgeback, or African Lion Dog, originates from southern Africa. Originally bred to hunt lions in packs of two to five dogs, they would harass the big cat until their master could make a kill. The female Rhodesian Ridgebacks were prized more than the males, as they tended to be more agile.

Appearance

Rhodesian Ridgebacks are large, muscular, active, hounds capable of endurance with speed. The Ridgeback’s most distinctive feature is, of course, the ridge of hair on his back running in the opposite direction of the rest of their short, dense coat. Males stand about 25-27 inches at the withers, and females between 24-26 inches. An average weight for males is 85 pounds, although there have been cases of them weighing in at as much as 160 pounds. Females weigh on average 70 pounds. They are light to red wheaten in color and black guard hairs are allowed. Excessive black hairs throughout the coat are frowned upon, although white on the chest and toes are acceptable for the Rhodesian Ridgeback standards.

History

In the 1800s the Rhodesian Ridgeback began development by crossing native hunting dogs kept by the African Hottentots with European breeds. Some of the breeds included in the crosses were possibly Mastiffs, Deerhounds, and Great Danes. The standard for the breed was written in 1922 in Rhodesia, which is now Zimbabwe, and has seen little change since. The only other recognized breed that shares the Rhodesian Ridgeback’s unique coat is the Thai Ridgeback of Thailand. There are two other breeds that remain unrecognized, the Phu Quoc Ridgeback of Vietnam and Combai of India.

Temperament

Rhodesian Ridgebacks are intelligent and gentle, and get along well with children, although they can be a bit too much dog for toddlers. Traditionally, as well as hunting, they were used to watch after children and as guard dogs. They do not bark unless there is a true reason to and although aloof toward strangers they are not aggressive toward them. Some dogs can be a bit independent and stubborn, making training more difficult if not started at a young age. If there are cats and other pets in the household this could pose a problem as they were bred to be hunters, however if introduced to cats since puppy hood they should have few difficulties getting along. Rhodesian Ridgebacks normally do well in a multi-dog household, but males are at times dominant toward other males.

Health and Care

The average lifespan of the Rhodesian Ridgebacks normal lifespan is about 12 years. Generally a healthy breed, however genetic diseases include hip dysplasia, dermoid sinus, deafness, degenerative myelopathy, cysts, and hypothyroidism.

Rhodesian Ridgebacks can live in an apartment if they are regularly exercised. They should be taken on long daily walks, with or without a yard. If not sufficiently stimulated they can turn destructive.

Boerboel

Boerboel

The Family Watchdog

Boerboels are a type of mastiff-like breed of dog that originates from South Africa. Their name in Afrikaans means simply "farmer's dog." The Boerboel is large and muscular, bred for guarding, a job they perform quite well.

Appearance

The Boerboel is sturdy built and has a large, strong head. Typically they stand between 23-28 inches and weigh an impressive 155-200 pounds. Their coat is soft, short, and smooth to the touch. Coats are a variety of colors from pale yellow to dark red or brindle, and have a black mask. Preferably there is no white on a Boerboel coat.

History

The history of the Boerboel most likely begins at the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck to southern Africa. He brought with him a large mastiff-type dog known as a bullenbijter. Other settlers also had brought strong dogs, and over the years natural selection would leave only the strongest dogs surviving. By 1820 Bulldogs and Mastiffs were added to the line, and again in 1938 the Bullmastiff itself was added. At some point it is also likely the Rhodesian Ridgeback, another South African breed also contributed to the bloodline.

Today the Boerboel is still being developed both in South Africa, and now the United States. The American Kennel Club (AKC) is one of the first to begin recognition for the breed outside of Africa, although the Boerboel is still only listed in its Foundation Stock Service (FSS).

Temperament

Despite the Boerboel's size and guarding instinct they are not vicious animals. They were breed to live on farms and were near both farmers and their children. Any dog showing aggression would have been destroyed. Boerboels have been selectively bred and this has resulted in a good-natured pet that will use its protective instincts when it is required. In fact, Boerboels are a confident and yet generally calm dog. It is very loyal to its family and would, indeed protect them with his life. They are very territorial, vigilant in their guard and defensive. Intruders will not gain entrance to your property. However, Boerboels are controlled with their guarding and a one will normally only bark when there is truly a need to.

The Boerboel is also an excellent family dog they get along well with all humans and pets that are part of his family. They especially love children and will make good companions. While strangers will not be able to gain entrance to your home if you make it clear they are welcome guests the Boerboel will drop its guard.

Health and Care

An extremely healthy breed, the Boerboel has no known health issues. This is most likely due to natural selection and the absence of inbreeding that so many other breeds suffer from.

Boerboels are suited and bred for the rural, country life. They are not recommended for apartments, as they need at the very least a large, well-fenced yard for room to roam. The Boerboel needs space and is not well suited to a busy city lifestyle.

The short coat of the Boerboel requires very little grooming.

african bus dog

Basenji

The Barkless Dog

The Basenji is one of the most ancient breeds of dogs, originating from the Congo and central Africa. It is a unique breed in many ways, and one of their most well known qualities is that Basenji's do not bark, although they do make an unusual yodel sound.

Appearance

Basenjis are small, shorthaired dogs with erect ears and tightly curled tails. Their foreheads often have wrinkles, especially when they are young. Typically they stand about 16-17 inches at the withers and weigh around 22 to 24 pounds. Coats vary from red and white, black and white, tricolor, and brindle, although the brindle is not formally recognized. Still other Basenji variations exist in their homeland.

History

The history of the Basenji (meaning “small wild thing from the bush”) is obscure and for the most part undocumented, however it is generally accepted that it is one of the most ancient breeds, sharing characteristics with other primitive dogs, such as the Dingo and Canaan Dog. They bred without human interference for centuries and dogs very similar to today’s breed were found on the walls and tombs of the ancient Egyptians. However, by the time they were discovered by Europeans in 1895 they were found almost exclusively in the Congo. There they were used in small packs to hunt game, including, antelope, monkeys, and wild cats. Early attempts to bring the breed to England were a failure, the imported dogs dying of disease foreign to their immune systems. It wasn't until the 1930s that a successful breeding stock was brought to the United Kingdom, and then later, the United States. Most of the modern Basenjis today are descendants from these few imports.

Temperament

Basenjis are independent, and yet also bond well with their owners. They are extremely intelligent, can be mischievous, and are known to become destructive if left to their own devices for to long. Most suffer from some degree of separation anxiety. They get along well with most children, but will not tolerate being teased, and will never become a real playmate for them. Normally they will get along well with other dogs, in fact they are happiest with one or two others in their household, but some individual dogs can be headstrong. Basenjis do not like strangers, and will let you know if anything is amiss.

Health and Care

Unfortunately Basenjis are prone to various diseases, one being an inherited kidney disorder called Fanconi Syndrome. Symptoms for this disease do not normally occur until after the age of four, although owners can have them tested by their vet. They also can carry a recessive gene that causes Genetic Hemolytic Anemia, although most Basenjis today are descendants from a line that has tested clean. Among this disorders they are also prone to more common illnesses, such as hip dysplasia, malabsroption, progressive retinal atrophy, coloboma, and persistent pupillary membrane. In general, though, the Basenji is a fairly healthy breed. Their life expectancy is roughly 12 years.

The Basenji can adjust to apartment life, provided they are regularly exercised. They are both active indoors and out, and will do best with at least a small yard.

Basenjis have a short coat and are also known for their cat-like cleanliness, even cleaning themselves with their paws, so very little grooming is needed.

Africanis

Africanis

The Dog of Africa

The Africanis is a type of South African dog that is not recognized as a breed. They are believed to have existed for centuries, descending directly from the pariah dogs of ancient times. Africanis is also a name for all aboriginal dogs in Africa.

Appearance

Africanis are short coated, slender, medium-sized dogs that are capable of great speed. They can be any color and have a wide variety of markings. Occasionally they will have a ridgeback, like another African breed, the Rhodesian Ridgeback. The ears on the Africanis can be erect, half erect, or drooping.

History

The history of the Africanis begins with the Pariah dog. Pariah dogs are feral or wild dogs that have little or no interaction with humans. It is widely believed that pariah dogs are distinctly older than most other dog types and so far all DNA testing has supported this theory. It is highly likely that the Africanis are the direct decedents to the dogs found in Egyptian tombs and hieroglyphics.

Temperament

The Africanis has not been selectively bred by humans, allowing them to evolve and change through natural selection. Because of this the Africanis has adapted mentally and physically for life in Africa, but they can adapt to life as a household pet. Traditionally they have always lived near humans as well as other domestic animals. They get along well with children, and when raised along side other household pets they generally have no problems with other dogs or cats. Although they will bond with their humans they will always need space. The Africanis will always be cautious with new situations, as at all times it keeps a high survival instinct.

Health and Care

An extremely hardy and healthy breed, the Africanis needs no pampering or special food, having developed to survive off of scraps and leftovers. These dogs have over the years developed a natural resistance to many diseases.

The Africanis needs room to call its own and would probably do best in a home with at least a yard. As with all breeds it need daily walks and plenty of exercise.

The short coat of the Africanis requires very little grooming.

Dogs of Africa

Dogs of Africa

Various dog breeds are African in origin. Many of the African dog breeds are not well known, however probably the most known is the Basenji. You will find the Greyhound listed here as well; however whether their origin lies in Egypt with the African Dog Breeds or lies with those that are European is greatly debated.

Many of the African dog breeds have been considered ancient for centuries, however, because of recent DNA testing, it is now believed that they are merely more recent creations designed to resemble the hieroglyphics upon the Egyptian tombs. Out of the fourteen ancient breeds distinguished by the DNA testing, only one African Dog Breed truly holds the title of ancient, the Basenji.

Despite the results of the DNA testing, no one can dispute that African dog breeds run deep in its history, most notably that of Egypt. The ancient Egyptians revered and deified the dog. Many dogs have been found mummified beside their masters. Ancient African dog breeds litter hieroglyphics from Greyhound to Basenji to Pharaoh Hound type dogs.

In Egypt Mythology African dog breeds of the past are frequently represented by the well known Egyptian God, Anubis. Although it has been argued that Anubis’ head is not that of a dog, but rather that of a jackal or wolf, it is still canine and most widely believed to be a dog/wolf cross. The Egyptian God Set is also widely believed to have the head of a Greyhound-like dog adding to the Greyhound is an African dog breed debate.

Other African dog breeds include the Rhodesian Ridgeback of South Africa, a fierce dog that was breed to hunt african lions in packs. The Africanis, as its name suggests, is also an African dog breed, however it is not at this time acknowledged by any registry. Nevertheless, the Africanis is considered by many to truly be the dog of Africa.

Dog of Afghanistan

Afghan Hound

Dog of Afghanistan

The Afghan Hound is one of the oldest breeds of sighthound. It originates from the Middle Eastern country of Afghanistan. Afghan Hounds can be easily distinguished from other sighthounds by its long, thick, silky coat.

Afghan Hounds are tall and slender. They stand between 24-29 inches and weigh 45-60 pounds. The tail curiously curls at the tip, but is not carried along the back. Their coat can be almost any color; however it is normally sand in color. White markings are discouraged on an Afghan Hound.

It was always thought that the Afghan Hound was one of the oldest of breeds, at the very least dating to the pre-Christian era. Recent DNA testing shows that not only is the breed ancient, but that its existence dates back thousands of years. These breed has been kept pure for centuries, and it was prohibited to leave its native lands. Originally the breed was used not only for hunting, but also as a shepherd and watchdog as well. Game it was used for included gazelle, fox, wolves, and even snow leopards. It wasn’t until the beginning of the 20^th century that the breed was seen in Europe and America. Despite its antiquity the Afghan Hound was not recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) until the 1930s.

The Afghan Hound is an aloof and dignified breed. They have a high level of independence and may sometimes simply not obey. This can make the breed somewhat difficult to train and housebreak. They generally do well with older children, and can be reserved and suspicious of strangers. Afghan Hounds do not do well in apartments, as they need at least a yard with room for them to run.

One must remember when purchasing an Afghan Hound that their coat requires a lot of attention. Bathing is recommended weekly, and the coat should only be brushed when wet to prevent damage and matting. Also, as with all sighthounds care must be given if the dog needs anesthesia as the Afghan Hound has a small amount of body fat.

Dogs of South America

Dogs of South America

South America holds the origin of only four dog breeds, the Argentine Dogo, Brazilian Mastiff, Brazilian Terrier, and the Peruvian Hairless Dog. The Peruvian Hairless Dog is also known as the Peruvian Inca Orchid, and some will argue that the two of them are separate breeds. The other three have ancestors in Europe, but were uniquely developed in their prospective countries. While the Peruvian Hairless Dog is truly a South American breed and can trace its ancestry back past the time of the Incas and beyond.

The South American Peruvian Hairless Dog is a very ancient breed, although no one knows exactly where it originated. Some believe that its ancestors were brought to the Americas 2,000-3,000 years ago across the Bering Strait from Asia. It is believed they have been around at least since 750 A.D. The Incas, as well as pre-Inca cultures on the Peruvian coast kept them as pets. Ceramic hairless dog figures have been found from the Chimu, Moche, and Vicus culture. The mountainous area of the Incas was too cold to be the natural habitat of these dogs, but they were highly prized there. The Spanish conquest of Peru nearly extinguished the breed. Luckily this South American breed survived in the rural areas so it can still be found today.

Unfortunately, dog fighting is still heavily practiced in South America, more prominently in Argentina, Colombia, and parts of Brazil. The Argentine Dogo is heavily bred for this, and sometimes the Brazilian Mastiff as well. Dog fighting has existed in these areas for hundreds of years, now extinct breeds that had once been used for dog fighting in this region were the Dogo Cubano and Dogo Cordoba. In recent years even the American Pit Bull Terrier has found its way to the South American dog fighting rings.

Dogs of the United States

Dogs of the United States

Many of the dog breeds of the United States developed as the colonists and emigrants developed the land around them. Most of the breeds were used for hunting, and in later years some were companions. The United States also is the homeland of a few sled dogs and herding breeds, as well.

There are different types of hunting breeds that were developed in the United States, such as the coonhounds and retrievers. Five of the coonhound breeds can trace their ancestry back to the 1700s when the English Foxhound was brought to the colonies from England. The American Black and Tan, English, Bluetick, Treeing Walker, and Redbone Coonhound all share this common ancestry. Other dogs, commonly called curs, were used for treeing prey, such as the Black Mouth and Mountain Curs. Retrievers and Spaniels were also used, such as the Chesapeake Bay Retriever and American Water Spaniel. Many of these breeds are still used in the United States for hunting today.

Some companion breeds that we know today were always kept simply as pets, and others originally had working abilities. The Boston Terrier was always intended as a companion pet, and the American Eskimo Dog was as well, but was also once used in the circus. American Cocker Spaniels were at one time used for hunting fowl, as most spaniels are. Breeding has changed this dog so it retains little of its working ability, and the dog is now mostly kept as a pet. Toy Fox Terriers and Rat Terriers would kill rats and other vermin, but few are still used on farms scattered throughout the United States.

Other dogs from the United States include the sled dogs, the Alaskan Malamute and Chinook, the later being a rare breed, few people even in the country have heard of. The Australian Shepherd, a working farm dog was developed in California, contrary to its name. Lastly, there is the native breed, the Carolina Dog; some still live in the wild in the southern United States.

Dogs of Canada

Dogs of Canada

All of the dog breeds from Canada are working dogs, or at least were originally used as such. From retrievers to sled dogs, the breeds of Canada all had abilities designed to help their masters.

The Canadian Eskimo Dog and Mackenzie River Husky are the sled dogs of the arctic north. The Canadian Eskimo Dog was originally kept by the native Inuit people, and to them it was known as the Qimmiq. Used for pulling people and freight it was indispensable in the villages. The Mackenzie River Husky is a type of dog, rather then a breed. Once used for transportation in the north these dogs were lost to the snowmobile. A small amount survives in Alaska, where dedicated breeders strive to save the Canadian breed.

The Tahltan Bear Dog was also kept by the Canadian natives. Kept by the Tahitians of the north they were multi-purposed dogs, but they were most often used for hunting. It is now believed that this dog is extinct, it was said that although small it had the courage to take on a bear. Some believe the Tahltan Bear Dog may still exist in remote areas of Canada, but there is no evidence to support this.

The now famous Labrador Retriever and Nova Scotia Duck-Tolling Retriever are both gundogs from Canada. Once simply used for hunting the Labrador Retriever is now kept by many as simply a family pet throughout North America and Europe. The Nova Scotia Duck-Tolling Retriever excels at enticing waterfowl to come out near the hunter and is uniquely suited to this task. They are used mostly for hunting in Canada.

Canada is also the homeland of the Newfoundland and the Landseer. The Landseer is seen as a separate breed by some and as a variant of the Newfoundland by others. The later is the more widely accepted opinion. Newfoundlands were often used for various tasks related to the water. They pulled fishnets in from the waters, accompanied sailors on voyages, and rescued drowning men. Even today the Newfoundland is used a rescue dog both in and outside Canada.

Dogs of North America

Dogs of North America

Dogs are a large part of the culture of many areas in North America, from Mexico’s little Chihuahua to the now well-known Labrador Retriever of Canada. The Canadian Eskimo Dog, Alaskan Malamute, and Chinook where once indispensable breeds of the snowy northern terrain of Canada and the United States’ Alaska. Snow mobiles have largely replaced these sled dogs simply because of the amount of speed that can be achieved, unfortunately leaving some of them to become rare breeds even in North America.

Breeds of North American hunting dogs include everything from retrievers to coonhounds. As already mentioned the Labrador Retriever was breed and developed in Canada and is widely still used to this day. The Nova Scotia Duck-Tolling Retriever also hails from Canada, and although unknown it is quite unique. This breed actually will be let loose to romp and play near water, enticing waterfowl to come investigate. Once the kill has been made it plays the part of the average retriever and brings the fowl back to its owner. Other North American retrievers include the Chesapeake Bay Retriever and the American Water Spaniel.

North America is also the home of the uniquely bred coonhounds of the United States. In early colonial times Foxhounds were brought to the United States for hunting; however they were inadequate for animals that don’t escape by going underground. Raccoons, opossums, bobcats, and larger prey such as cougars and bears would take to the trees to escape the dogs. Selective breeding eventually brought about the coonhounds that are known today, including the Black and Tan and Bluetick Coonhounds. Lesser known North American coonhounds include the Plott Hound and English Coonhound.

Cattle and herding dogs were also very important to the development of the North American landscape. Contrary to its name the popular Australian Shepherd was actually bred and developed in the United States.

Dogs of the United Kingdom

Dogs of the United Kingdom

When looking at the dogs of the United Kingdom this page refrences those from England, Scotland, and Wales. For information on the dogs of Ireland, please reference our Ireland page instead of the United Kingdom.

There are approximately 35 dog breeds that are from England, about half of this number are or where primarily used for hunting. These hunting breeds range from terriers to hounds, and are still largely used for sport in their homeland. Other dog types from England include breeds that where once used to control vermin, herding dogs, and breeds once used for dog fights or the baiting of other animals.

From Scotland we have around a dozen dog breeds; about half of these dogs are used for livestock herding, including the various Collie breeds and the small Shetland Sheepdog. The other half is comprised of the Deerhound, the Setter breeds, and various terriers, such as the Skye, Scottish, and Dandie Dinmont Terriers. Each of the dogs from Scotland originally had a purpose suited to their abilities, although today many of them are simply companion breeds.

Wales is the home of only half the number of breeds compared to Scotland. They include the Sealyham Terrier, Welsh Springer Spaniel, Welsh Terrier, and the two Welsh Corgis, the Pembroke and Cardigan. The little Corgis were used for herding sheep and cattle, despite their size. “Corgi” literally means dwarf dog in Welsh.

There are also two breeds that hail from both England and Scotland, being developed on the border lands between the two countries. These breeds are the Border Collie and Border Terrier. The Border Collie, like many United Kingdom breeds, was used for herding livestock, while the Border Terrier controlled the vermin in this region.

Dogs of Switzerland

Dogs of Switzerland

Switzerland is the home of mostly working and hunting breeds. Few of these dogs have been recognized outside of their homeland, and many are becoming quite rare even there.

The most well known breed from Switzerland is likely the St. Bernard. This large, typically white breed with red or brown markings is one of the few that can be recognized by most people on sight. Originally kept by monks at the hospice at the Great St. Bernard Pass it was said to help rescue travelers lost or injured in the pass.

The St. Bernard may be closely related to the Sennenhunds, or Swiss Mountain Dogs, which were all purpose farm dogs. The popular Bernese Mountain Dog is included in this group, along with the Greater Swiss, Appenzeller, and Entlebucher Mountain Dogs.

Another breed on the rise is the Berger Blanc Suisse, or White Swiss Shepherd. Identical to the White Shepherd Dog in the US, the Berger Blanc Suisse is a white version of the German Shepherd Dog that has been recognized by the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI).

The Swiss breeds that remain largely unknown are their hounds. There are two different breeds, the larger Laufhunds and smaller Niederlaufhund, both being scenthounds. Each breed has four different varieties, distinguished only by coat color and type.

Dogs of Malta

Dogs of Malta

There are only two breeds of dog from the small European island of Malta, the Maltese and the Pharaoh Hound. These two breeds were kept for separate purposes, the first being a favored companion, and the second as a hunting sighthound. Although it is generally accepted that these breeds origins are Malta, this has been debated by various sources for both dogs.

Dogs of Ireland

Dogs of Ireland

There are a handful dogs that originate from Ireland. Most of these breeds were either used for hunting or various farm tasks, although it was also popular for some of them to be used in badger-baiting. This is one of many dog “sports” that is now illegal in Ireland and most countries worldwide.

Ireland is the home of several terrier dog breeds, including the Glen of Imaal, Soft Coated Wheaten, Irish, and Kerry Blue Terrier. The Glen of Imaal and Irish Terrier were often used for hunting smaller animals, the former being proficient with fox and badger, while the later was often used to hunt otter and water rats. The larger Kerry Blue and Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers were commonly used on farms and had duties such as herding, vermin control, and guarding.

Ireland is also the home of various hunting breeds, such as the Irish Red and Red and White Setters, breeds that are often used to hunt quail, pheasant, and grouse. This is also the home of one of the rarest of the spaniel breeds, the Irish Water Spaniel. Once more common, even in the United States, this breed lost popularity to the Labrador Retriever. The last of the hunting breeds from Ireland is the Irish Wolfhound, named for its prey rather than its appearance. Believed to be an extremely old breed, it is thought these dogs were originally kept by the ancient Celts as war dogs. They were excellent at hunting wolves, and although the wolf is now extinct in Ireland, the Irish Wolfhound still thrives there.

Dogs of Hungary

Dogs of Hungary

From the European country of Hungary we have less than a dozen breeds of dog. Of these breeds, half were used with livestock, from herding and droving to guarding the flocks. The remaining Hungarian dogs were used for hunting.

A common misconception with various breeds of dogs, including the Hungarian breeds, is the term “sheepdog”. There are different types of dogs that work with livestock, some work with the animals, herding them from one location to the next, or keeping them together as a flock. Other breeds that are commonly referred to as sheepdogs are actually livestock guardians. This is the case with the Komondor and Kuvasz. These breeds actually remain with the flock daily; they live with them and protect the animals from either predators or thieves. These Hungarian dogs have to withstand the climates and weather, and must be fierce protectors against other animals, such as wolves. The Komondor and Puli are unique in appearance to many other breeds, as they have corded fur that is dreadlock-like in appearance. These are the only two breeds that breed true to have this type of fur, although a non-Hungarian dog, the Poodle, can have corded fur.

Hungary is also the home of the Vizsla dogs, both the wirehaired and shorthaired types, although the shorthaired is much more common than its cousin. While many of there herding breeds from Hungary are recognized worldwide, including the United States, only the shorthaired Vizsla shares this widespread recognition. The other hunting breeds from this region are relatively unknown; they are the Erdelyi Kopo (Transylvanian Hound) and Magyar Agar (Hungarian Greyhound). Although some information exists on this breed, they are still quite rare outside of Hungary, but are slowly gaining interest in other parts of Europe.

Dogs of Germany

Dogs of Germany

There are over thirty breeds of dog from Germany. Some of the breeds are more familiar to the world, such as the Great Dane and Rottweiler. Yet also among them are little known breeds, such as the Hovawart, Leonberger, and Pudelpointer. The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognizes over a dozen dog breeds from Germany.

There is also a variety of dog types from Germany, although most of them are either companion or hunting dogs, however there are herding and terriers as well. The companion breeds range from the Miniature Pinscher and Schnauzer to the Pomeranian and Keeshond. The latter breeds were once considered to simply be a variation of the German Spitz, and in some countries they are still viewed this way today.

German hunting dog breeds include the German Spaniel, four separate breeds of German Pointing Dogs, the Pudelpointer, and even the Great Dane was once used for hunting. The hunting abilities of the Great Dane are often overlooked, most think of the breed as a guard dog, or simply a companion; however they were once commonly used to hunt wild boar, deer, and wolves. The Boxer also shares this misconception; they are another German hunting dog, used for boar, bear, and deer.

Germany is also the home, as the name suggests, of the German Shepherd Dog. World renown for their intelligence and wide range of abilities, these dogs are suited to many tasks including police work, search and rescue, and military duties. Originally the breed was used for herding livestock, but today is more commonly used for the tasks above, or simply as a household companion. Another multi talented breed, but one not nearly as well known, is the Leonberger. This German dog’s abilities include livestock guarding, obedience, and in its homeland is often used for search and rescue.

Dogs of Austria

Dogs of Austria

Most of the dogs from Austria are hunting hounds, including the Alpine Dachsbracke, as well as the Austrian Black and Tan, Styrian coarse-haired, and Tyrolean Hound. Also among the dogs of Austria is the Austrian Pinscher, which was commonly used on farms.

The history of the Austrian dogs is old and rich. It is believed that the Austrian Black and Tan, as well as the Tyrolean Hound are both decedents of the Celtic hounds. These dogs were greatly respected by warrior and royalty alike. They had an immense amount of loyalty and courage, and often used on the hunt. Many Celtic myths and legends mention these hounds even today. The Celtic hounds were even used in battle as war dogs. Eventually the bloodline found its way into these two Austrian dog breeds.

The Austrian dog breeds are not as well known outside of their homeland as some of the other European breeds. Although they are all recognized by the Federation Cynologique International (FCI), an internationally recognized Kennel Club, only the Alpine Dachsbracke and the Austrian Pinscher are recognized in the United States under the United Kennel Club (UKC). The other Austrian dogs have not yet been recognized.

Like many European countries, hunting is quite popular, and so are the dogs used for the sport. The Alpine Dachsbracke was once a favorite of the German royalty and is used to track a range of prey. The Styrian coarse-haired, Austrian Black and Tan, and Tyrolean Hound are all included in a group known as the Grand Brackes. These dogs were developed to hunt in the high altitudes of the mountainous areas in Austria.

Dogs of Thailand

Dogs of Thailand

The most common dogs from Thailand are the Thai Ridgeback and the Thai Bangkaew Dog. Currently the Thai Bangkaew Dog is not recognized by any major kennel clubs, while the Thai Ridgeback is a recognized breed by the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and the United Kennel Club (UKC). They are not quite recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC), but they can be listed under their Foundation Stock Service. Still quite rare, the dogs of Thailand are slowly being discovered by the rest of the world.

The Thai Ridgeback has existed in Thailand for centuries, it is believed by many to be a Pariah-type breed. It is one of three known dogs with a ridge of fur on their back, the other two being the Rhodesian Ridgeback of Africa and the Phu Quoc Dog of Vietnam (which by some sources is simply considered to be the Thai Ridgeback). Some believe there is a link between these breeds and the Thai Ridgeback, however this is unlikely, as the only thing linking the two is their appearance. DNA testing is being done to see if there is a link between the dogs. Many believe the Thai Ridgeback is a descendent of the dingo or possible the wolf. More testing will need to be done to unlock the history of this Thailand breed.

The Thai Bangkaew Dog received its name from the Bangkaew village in the Phitsanulok Province of Thailand. It is believed this is where the breed originated, the “mother” of the breed being given to an Abbot of the Wat Bangkaew Temple. The Abbot kept many animals and he was given a female dog from a village local. The dog was large with long black hair, and already pregnant, some believe her mating was either with a jackal or dhole. It is said her litter was the basis for the dog in Thailand.

Dogs of Turkey

Dogs of Turkey

    There are three breeds of dog from Turkey that are recognized by major kennel clubs.  The Anatolian Shepherd Dog, Akbash Dog, and Kangal Dog were all originally used for guarding livestock in Turkey.
   
    The history of all three of these breeds are somewhat debated, and although each are recognized as a separate breed inside of Turkey, some argue that they are all one in the same.  The Anatolian Shepherd Dog is the most widely recognized, and the only one that has been given recognition by the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI), an international club used by most countries save England, Canada, and the United States.  Currently the Turkish government and breed fanciers are trying to have this same status given to the Akbash and Kangal Dogs, as both are considered Turkey breeds, at least in their homelands.
   
    Livestock breeds have existed for centuries not only in Turkey, but Europe and parts of Asia as well.  These breeds are only three of over 30 breeds from throughout the Eurasia region.  In many cases these animals continue to breed with little interference from man, but based on strength and natural selection.  Often few females are kept for breeding, but there are no fences keeping dogs confined in Turkey, therefore they may breed with any dog.  Only the strongest of the dogs are allowed to breed, as with many animals there is a hierarchy, and the males will battle for their place in it.  Adult dogs must be fit for survival, the weather can be harsh, and food scarce, while they must fight off predators to protect livestock and their own lives.  Often they are fitted with spiked collars to protect their necks from wolves, and their ears are cropped to keep them from being bitten.  These dogs are fierce and extremely loyal.  Highly prized by the people of Turkey, they are still part of their livelihoods.

Dogs of Korea

Dogs of Korea

    There are several dog breeds that originate from both North and South Korea.  Three of these breeds have been recognized by the Korean government as a National Treasures, the Jindo, the Sapsaree, and the Poongsan.
   
    The Jindo is probably the most recognized dog outside of Korea; however that does not mean that it is well known.  For many years only the inhabitants of Jindo Island knew of the breed.  Once the island was linked to the mainland by a bridge in the 1970s other Koreans began to learn of the breed.  As a National Monument it is illegal for the Jindo to export out of the country, but popularity in the United States is slowly grown.  Since the early 1990s Koreans immigrating to the country have been bringing their dogs with them.
   
    The Sapsaree is a breed of dog that has long been believed by Koreans to have the ability to dispel ghosts and evil spirits.  The antiquity of the breed is greatly questioned, for although the breed has been around for centuries, many believed they were completely exterminated during WWII, making today’s dogs simply a recreation of the breed that once was.  This debate has caused some in Korea to argue that the dog does not justify being recognized as a National Treasure.

    The Poongsan (or Pungsan, as they are commonly referred to outside of Korea) is the rarest of the three recognized dogs.  Very little is known about the breed, as the area were they are found is now under North Korean control.  More recently they are slowly finding their way into South Korea as pets, and in turn to the rest of the world.  Many of the dogs outside of North Korea that are true Poongsan have been given as gifts by the Korean government.

Dogs of Japan

Dogs of Japan

    Most of the dogs in Japan are held in high regard in their homeland.  Some have existed since antiquity; others are more resent in design.  Many have be recognized as living treasures in Japan.  Recent DNA testing found the Akita and Shiba Inu to be some of the oldest living dog breeds.
    
    The Akita Inu, Kai Ken, Kishu Ken, Hokkaido Inu, Shikoku Inu, and Shiba Inu are considered to be the six native dogs of Japan.  Without a doubt one can see that these dogs all have the “Akita” look in appearance.  These dogs were originally used by ancient hunters called as the Matagi.  Many times throughout the years these breeds were almost lost to extinction.  Most of them are still rare breeds, even in Japan.
   
    Shortly after WWII Akita Inus, and more accurately, dogs that had mixed Akita blood were brought to the United States, which brought about the American Akita.  Breed by Americans, and yet from Japan, this breed varies greatly from its Japanese “cousin”.  Despite these differences the United States still sees them as the same breed, although most of the world, including Japan, see them as two different breeds.
   
    Other Japanese dog breeds include the Japanese Chin, Japanese Spitz, Japanese Terrier, and the Tosa.  Most of these dogs were originally a mixture of native dogs crossed with dogs from other parts of the world, including China, Europe, and Siberia.  Again, some of these breeds are rare, and practically unknown, such as the Japanese Terrier, dogs that have only been exported a handful of times.  The Tosa, however, is quite popular both inside and outside of Japan.  Once used for dog fighting (and still quite popular in illegal rings) the Tosa was originally a cross between the native Shikoku Inu and several different Mastiff (and other) breeds from Europe.  Aside from the Akita Inu, the Tosa is arguably the most known dog outside of Japan.

Dogs of France

When compiling the lists and information for the dogs of France their list in many ways is daunting to look at. Unlike Germany and the United Kingdom, who also have long lists of dogs hailing from their homelands, many of the French breeds are not known outside of France, or at best, outside of Europe. Information on some of the breeds is limited, or next to non-existent. There are over fifty breeds of dog from France and most of them were developed and still used for hunting.

Many of the French hunting dogs are scenthounds, most of them used in packs to hunt prey such as fox. Longer legged scenthounds are commonly used when the hunter is on horseback, while the shorter legged dogs are easier to follow if one is on foot. The popular Basset Hound is a scenthound that originated in Great Britain, but unknown to most outside of France there are actually six different Basset breeds. The other five are Frenc, the Basset artesian normand, Basset bleu de Gascogne, Basset fauve de Bretagne, Grand Basset griffon vendeen, and Petit Basset griffon vendeen. Other types of French hunting dogs include many spaniels and pointers. These breeds differ in area of origin throughout France, as well as size and color.

Aside from the hunting breeds there are other French dogs, such as the toy breeds, which include the Bichon Frise, Papillion, and Lowchen. There are several herding breeds from France as well, including the Pyrenean Sheepdog and Beauceron.

France’s national dog, the Poodle, while developed there, most likely originated in Germany.

Dogs of Belgium

Dogs of Belgium

Although only about a dozen dogs call Belgium home there is a wide variety of breeds that hail from this European country. From the Schipperke that is commonly known as a “barge dog” to companion breeds to the Belgian Shepherd Dogs, each breed had its own purpose and abilities in its early years in Belgium.

One of the more common working dogs from Belgium is the Bloodhound, or Chien de berger belge. The Bloodhound is thought to be at least a thousand years old and has the strongest sense of smell of any breed in the world. This breed is ancestor to many other modern (and not so modern) breeds worldwide, including the American Coonhounds, Swiss Jura Hound, Bavarian Mountain Hound, and many other scent hounds we know today. It is a common misconception that the Bloodhound is a dog from England instead of Belgium.

Belgium is also the home of the Belgian Shepherd Dogs, the Groenendael, Laekenois, Malinois, and Tervueren. Although these dogs look very different, they differ mainly in color and coat type, body structure remains the same for each of them. In some countries these dogs are seen as individual breeds, and others as one breed with simply four varieties. The Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI) is a Kennel Club that is used internationally and located in Belgium; they see them simply as a single breed. Meanwhile the American Kennel Club (AKC) recognizes the Groenendael is recognized as the Belgian Sheepdog, the Tervueren as the Tervuren, and the Malinois. Currently the Laekenois can currently only be listed in their foundation stock service, but eventually all four Belgian Shepherd Dogs should be recognized individually in the United States.

Dogs of Italy

There are about a dozen breeds of dog from Italy. Many of these breeds are hunting dogs, but there are a few other types as well. These other Italian dogs work with livestock or are guard dogs or companions.

Both the Bergamasco and Maremma Sheepdog are Italian dogs originally used with livestock, although they each have their own abilities and purpose. The Bergamasco is a herding dog from the Italian Alps, most often used for herding sheep. The Maremma Sheepdog is a livestock guardian. They would live with flocks of sheep and guard them from wolves and other predators. This dog is now found not only in Italy, but most of Europe as well.

The companion dogs of Italy include the Bolognese and Volpino Italiano (Italian Spitz), the later sometimes was also used as a guard dog. The Bolognese is a member of the Bichon family of dogs; they are small, white dog that was once quite popular with the Italian Royalty. Volpino Italiano were originally kept as guard dogs on farms, used to alert the larger dogs of an intruder. Now they are commonly kept as companions, although they are virtually unknown dogs outside of Italy and several other European countries.

Other Italian guard dogs are the Cane Corso and Neapolitan Mastiff. These breeds are more recognized worldwide than some of the other Italian breeds. They are both recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC), although currently the Cane Corso is only listed in the Foundation Stock Service. These dogs were often kept on Italian farms.

The remaining Italian dogs were used for various types of hunting. They include pointers, retrievers, and sighthounds. One of the more unique breeds is the Lagotto Romagnolo, or Romagna Water Dog, which is most often used as a retriever in water. However, the breed can also be used to hunt for the non-prey, truffles. One of the more common Italian hunting dogs is the Italian Greyhound.

Dogs of Russia

Dogs of Russia

There are several breeds of dog that originate from Russia, the most well known being the Samoyed and Siberian Husky. Lesser known dogs of Russia include the South Russian and Caucasian Ovcharkas.

Most of the Russian dog breeds have existed for centuries, in recent DNA testing it was found that the Samoyed and Siberian Husky were two of the most ancient dog breeds. Only 152 breeds that are recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) were tested, so although these are old breeds, there are without a doubt more, and many of the dogs found in the test were from Asia, so it is possible Russia may be the home of more “ancient" breeds. It is believed by some that the Central Asian Ovcharka is one of the oldest breeds in existence, and perhaps having a close tie to the Tibetan Mastiff. Some of the breeds are more recent from Russia, such as the Black Russian Terrier and Russian Spaniel.

All of Russia’s breeds were once used (and most still are) for a working purpose. The Samoyed and Siberian Husky are both from the Siberia region and were used as sled dogs, both breeds having historical significance for exploration and use in Alaska as well as their homeland. The Caucasian, South Russian, and Central Asian Ovcharkas were used for guarding livestock and their families. The Borzoi is a sighthound, originally used for hunting wolves, was once kept exclusively by the Tsar. A fairly recent breed, the Russian Spaniel was developed by crossing English Cocker and Springer Spaniels at the end of the 19th century. Developed by the former USSR, the Black Russian Terrier was bred as a military/police dog by the state, only recently have they been found outside Russia.

Dogs of China

Dogs of China

Some of the oldest breeds of dogs call China their homeland. From the Imperial dogs like the Pekingese to the monastery dogs of Tibet, such as the Lhasa Apso, China is full of breeds we have come to know and love.

Many of the breeds were companion dogs, but where not owned by the commoner. The Pekingese was kept by the royal family at the Imperial Palace, and if one was taken it would result in that person’s death. The Shih Tzu was also kept as an Imperial pet, and although the Chow Chow was kept by the Emperor they were used for hunting. Even the little Pugs origins are with Chinese Royalty.

Other breeds were kept by the Tibetan monasteries. Some, such as the Lhasa Apso and the Tibetan Spaniel were used as companions and guardians. The Tibetan Mastiff, which is thought to be the ancestor to all mastiffs, were chained to the outside of the monasteries as guard dogs.

Many mysteries surround the Chinese dog breeds, and perhaps this is because they are older breeds with older, unknown histories. The origin of the Pekingese is simply a Chinese legend. Many wonder whether the Chow Chow and Chinese Shar-Pei are closely related, but the only think linking the two is their oddly black/blue tongues. It is wondered if the Chinese Crested Dog’s origins lie in China at all, as hairless dog breeds are found in different locations around the world.

It is known that in recent DNA testing found that six of the Chinese dog breeds are the oldest in the world, the Chow Chow, Lhasa Apso, Pekingese, Chinese Shar-Pei, Shih Tzu, and Tibetan Terrier. Some have disputed these results, but until more testing is done it appears that China and the surrounding countries may hold the origins of the domesticated dog.

Thai Ridgeback

Thailand’s Native Breed

The Thai Ridgeback is a breed of dog that is native to Thailand. A relatively unknown breed outside of its homeland, they are slowly gaining interest in other parts of the world. The Thai Ridgeback is one of three known breed that have a ridge of hair that runs along their back in the opposite direction of the rest of their coat.

Thai Ridgebacks are medium-sized breeds of the pariah-type. They stand between 20-24 inches and weigh between 51-75 pounds. Their ears are upright and point slightly forward while their tails are either carried vertically or in the sickle position. Eight distinct ridge patterns are recognized, needle, feather, arrow, lute, violin, bowling pin, leaf, and saddleback. The short coat colors of the Thai Ridgeback are always solid and include blue, black, red, and yellow.

It is believed that the Thai Ridgeback is a very old breed of dog. They were originally used to hunt boar, deer, tapirs, and birds. Other tasks included the part of watch dog and escort to their master’s carts on the road. It is believed by some that the breed has existed from Thailand since the Middle Ages, and by others that it originated from the Vietnamese Phu Quoc Dog, another breed with the ridgeback. The link between the Phu Quoc and Thai Ridgeback is debated, as well as the possibility of a link with the African Rhodesian Ridgeback. Only further testing is going to shed light on these breeds. It is known that the breed can be found in written references in Thailand as far back as the 17th century. The first Thai Ridgeback was exported out of the country in 1990.

Thai Ridgebacks are an intelligent breed; they are independent and in many ways still a primitive breed. They are not recommended for novice owners as they may be difficult to train. A poorly trained or socialized Thai Ridgeback can become aggressive as an adult.

Australian Cattle Dog

Australian Cattle Dog

The Queensland Heeler
The Australian Cattle Dog is a herding dog that is breed for driving and controlling cattle. They were developed in Australia solely for this purpose, the result of six decades of cross breeding. Today the Australian Cattle Dog, or ACD, is still extremely popular with farmers and ranchers worldwide.

Appearance

Australian Cattle Dogs are a muscular and compact breed. They stand between 17-20 inches and weigh in at 35-45 pounds. Their double coat is weather-resistant and short, and has two varieties, red and blue, giving them the common nicknames of Red or Blue Heeler. These coats are not solid, but rather a “speckled” appearance, caused by a mottling of all the colors in their fur. Other marking can occur, for Blue Heelers they can have black, blue, or tan markings on the head, as well as tan on the legs, breast, throat, and jaws. Red Heelers can have darker read markings on their head, and are preferred to be even. Some Australian Cattle Dogs have a stripe of white hair on their foreheads, similar to a blaze on a horse; this is known as a Bentley Mark.

History

The development of the Australian Cattle Dogs began in the 19th century when Europeans began to settle Australia. A dog known as the Smithfield was brought alongside these pioneers to work their cattle, but they were a bit noisy, and above all did not adapt well to the climate. The Smithfield was crossed with the Dingo, and this cross became known as the Timmins Biters. During this same time the now extinct Old Smooth Collie were also being bred to the Dingo for herding sheep, leading to a mix referred to as the Hall’s Heeler. These two mixes, along with the added blood of the Bull Terrier, Australian Kelpie, and Dalmatian, eventually brought us the Australian Cattle Dog we know today.

Temperament

Australian Cattle Dogs are highly intelligent, full of energy, and known to have a bit of an independent streak. Like most herding dogs, they are highly active both in energy and mind. They need plenty of exercise, and if they do not have a working job to do, can turn destructive. This breed excels at dog sports, and it gives them the stimulation needed to be happy in a non-working environment. In absence of a true charge, such as cattle or sheep they may herd anything from birds, other dogs, or people, even without instruction. This is not an ideal breed for homes with children, and some individual dogs can be nippy. They tend to get along well with other dogs it is familiar with, but can turn aggressive towards unknown animals. By nature the Australian Cattle Dog is wary, which makes it an excellent watchdog.

Health and Care

The Australian Cattle Dogs are generally a healthy breed, and their life expectancy is around 12 years. They are prone to deafness, Progressive Retinal Atrophy, which can lead to blindness, and hip/elbow dysplasia.

Australian Cattle Dogs do not adapt well to apartment life. They need at least a large yard with room to roam, daily walks, and something to stimulate them mental if they are not working dogs. This breed retains many Dingo traits, and will prefer the outdoors, even on a cold night. Some dogs are even known to dig or burrow themselves a den, rather than sleep in their doghouse.

The coat of the Australian Cattle Dog requires little grooming. They should be brushed regularly and shed their coat twice per year.

Poultry

With the ever increasing demand for chicken, the broiler industry continues to expand. Unlike other commodities, broiler production in North Carolina is increasing throughout the state. Production can be found in the mountain, piedmont and coastal regious of the state.






North Carolina remains a leading state in the production of turkeys. Turkey production continues to be concentrated in the southern piedmont and coastal regions of the State.








The state ranking for table egg production has fluctuated over the past 20 years. Changes in transportation costs have had significant impact on the location of egg production units. These changes can be traced to the early 1970's when the Southeast had strong growth. Now egg production is found mainly in central part of the State

Livestock

Hogs & pigs have historically been an important part of North Carolina agriculture. The industry has changed dramatically since the 1980's from the small farm raising a few hogs to large confinement type operations. North Carolina leads the country in this structural shift towards larger size farms, and the coordination between producers and processors. This shift is apparent when reviewing the number and size of operations.


In 1986, the state had 15,000 hog farms. Of these operations, 13,000 had less than 100 hogs and pigs, and only 800 operations had more than 500 hogs and pigs. Total hog inventory was 2.4 million head. By 2000, the total operations with hogs and pigs had decreased to 3,600. Operations that had less than 100 head controlled less than 1 percent of the total inventory of 9.6 million head. The 1,500 operations with more than 1,000 hogs controlled nearly 99 percent of the inventory, nearly 9.5 million of the June 1, 2000 total inventory.

North Carolina's number of cattle & calves on farms has remained relatively stable throughout time. The northern mountain and northern piedmont counties have traditionally raised the most cattle and remains the leading cattle producing area of the state.

Milk cow inventory and milk production have continued to decline in the State. Milk production reached a record high in 1985 with 1.748 billion pounds produced. The number of milk cows on farms was a record high 384,000 head in 1944